Density based traffic signal system using image processing

Contact Me for Project Prize Mail Id:  tamilblogelectronic@gmail.com Measure Traffic density and ambulance detection in Realtime project. What We Do in This Project: (Both Software & Hardware Project Available) ( i) Traffic Density Measure - Realtime (Means using Traffic Camera or Traffic Video) First,  we do Vehicle Detection in Video/Camera using Image Processing. Second, we Count the Vehicle We Detected in Video/Camera using Image Processing. Third, We Compare Two lane Vehicle Density in Video/Camera , if lane detect more no. of vehicle will be Prioritized first.   (ii) Ambulance Detection in Single Lane  - Realtime (Means using Traffic Camera or Traffic Video) : First, We Collect the Images of Ambulance. Second, we train our Image model using sample ambulance image. using Yolo image Model, we able to Detect the Ambulance in Video/ Camera. (iii) Ambulance Detection in Multiple Lane  - Realtime (Means using Traffic Camera or Traffic Vid...
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Noise and Its Types in Electronics, External and Internal Noise

 

What is Noise?

 • Noise is the disturbance we hear. 

• It is an unwanted signal that corrupts the desired message signal. 

• Electrical Noise is an unwanted signal that appears along with the Desired Electrical Signal and falls within the same frequency band as that of message signal. 

• Noise signals are random signals. They are non-deterministic in nature.

 • The desired deterministic signals can be modeled mathematic


Categories of Noise 


• Correlated – this noise the one which is present whenever message signal is present. 

• Uncorrelated – this noise is the one which is present even if the signal is not present. (Correlation means a relationship between message signal and noise)


Classification of Noise


1. External Noise 

a. Atmospheric Noise (above 30 MHz) 

b. Extraterrestrial noise (large spectrum covering all communication frequencies) 

     i. Solar noise 

     ii. Cosmic Noise 

c. Industrial Noise


2. Internal Noise (audio, RF & microwave frequency ranges) 

a. Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise) 

b. Shot Noise 

c. Partition Noise 

d. Flicker noise 

e. Burst Noise 

f. Transit time Noise.


External Noise 


a. Atmospheric Noise 

• The noise generated due to electrical disturbance within the earth’s atmosphere is called Atmospheric noise. 

• This type of noise generates strange sounds such as sputtering, crackling, etc. in shortwave radio receivers. 

• Atmospheric noise is also called static electricity. 

• This static electricity is likely to be more severe but less frequent.


b. Extraterrestrial Noise

 • This extraterrestrial noise is generated outside the earth’s atmosphere. 

• Hence this also called deep space noise. 

• It originates from milky way, galaxy and the Sun. 


• It is classified into two types as below: 

i. Solar Noise: 

• This is the noise that is generated directly from the Sun’s radiation. 

• This occurs in quiet condition with constant-radiation intensity and high- 

•Intensity radiation conditions (occurring every 11 years). 

• This noise spreads over a large frequency spectrum including frequencies used for communication. 

• All gases become Ionized due to radiation from the Sun producing noise in a wide range of frequencies. 


ii. Cosmic Noise: 

• Sources of cosmic noises are distributed throughout the galaxies continuously. 

• Distant stars radiate intense noise signals that penetrate the earth’s atmosphere


c. Man-made noise 

• This is the noise generated due to human activities and creations. 

• This type is noise falls between 1 to 600 MHz. 

• The intensity of this noise is very high as compared to other internal or external noise to the receiver.

 Example 

• Automobile and air-craft ignitions 

• Electric motor and switching equipment 

• Leakage from high-voltage lines


2. Internal Noise 

• This is the noise generated within the device or circuit. 

• It can be the noise generated by active and passive devices found in the receiver circuits. 

•This is generated in random and distributed over the entire radio frequency spectrum. 

• It can be statically observed. 

• Random noise power is proportional to the bandwidth. 

• They are classified as below: 

• Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise), Shot Noise, Partition Noise, Flicker


a. Thermal Noise 

• It is generated by random motion of free electrons within a conductor. 

• They are also the effects of molecular vibrations in resistive components. 

• Free electrons possess kinetic energy and so heat exchange takes place 

• between the conductor and the surroundings when they move across. 

• This creates an unavoidable noise component as background for the electronic process. 

• This also called Gaussian Noise because of its nature of distribution.


b. Shot Noise (Transistor noise )

 • Any DC current crossing a potential barrier in a random fashion results in shot noise. 

• This occurs because the electrons and holes cannot cross the barrier simultaneously. 

• Hence a random component is added with the DC current.

 

• Example: This noise occurs in BJTs due to the movement of electrons in random fashion from emitter to collector leading to shot. Hence this is also called Transistor noise.

• Shot noise has a flat frequency spectrum except in microwave frequency range. 


c. Partition Noise 

• This occurs when current has to divide between two or more electrodes. 

• There is random fluctuations in the division. 

• Hence a diode is less noisy than the BJT or FET. 

• The frequency spectrum of partition noise is flat. 


d. Flicker noise 

• This occurs at low-audio frequency ranges. This noise spectral density increases as the frequency decreases. Hence this is sometimes called 1/f noise. 

• It is proportional to emitter current and junction temperature. 

• Mostly found in Transistors. e. Burst Noise 

• This is also low-frequency noise found in transistors. 

• Source of this noise is not well-understood but it produces a kind of popping sound while present in audio system.


f. Transit-time noise 

• This noise is present due to the finite time taken by the electrons to move from emitter to collector. 

• This increases the noise input admittance of the device .

 • It is determined from the carrier mobility, bias-voltage and the transistor construction. 

• In a transistor, the carriers traveling suffer from time delays such as emitter transit time delay, base transit-time delay and collector recombination time. 


g. Avalanche noise 

• The reverse current in a reverse biased diode increases with slight increase in reverse bias voltage . 

• Therefore the electrons and holes involve in ionizing more and more carriers from the atoms resulting in collisions. 

• Theses collisions produce random spike noise and most often occur in zener diode. 

• This effect is called avalanche noise

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