Density based traffic signal system using image processing

Contact Me for Project Prize Mail Id:  tamilblogelectronic@gmail.com Measure Traffic density and ambulance detection in Realtime project. What We Do in This Project: (Both Software & Hardware Project Available) ( i) Traffic Density Measure - Realtime (Means using Traffic Camera or Traffic Video) First,  we do Vehicle Detection in Video/Camera using Image Processing. Second, we Count the Vehicle We Detected in Video/Camera using Image Processing. Third, We Compare Two lane Vehicle Density in Video/Camera , if lane detect more no. of vehicle will be Prioritized first.   (ii) Ambulance Detection in Single Lane  - Realtime (Means using Traffic Camera or Traffic Video) : First, We Collect the Images of Ambulance. Second, we train our Image model using sample ambulance image. using Yolo image Model, we able to Detect the Ambulance in Video/ Camera. (iii) Ambulance Detection in Multiple Lane  - Realtime (Means using Traffic Camera or Traffic Vid...
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what is noise and its types in communication?

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What is  NOISE ?

 Noise is the disturbance .

• It is an unwanted signal that corrupts the desired message signal. 

• Electrical Noise is an unwanted signal that appears along with the Desired Electrical Signal and falls within the same frequency band as that of message signal.

 • Noise signals are random signals. They are non-deterministic in nature. 

• The desired deterministic signals can be modeled mathematically. 

• However the non-deterministic signals must be studied completely so that they can also be represented mathematically.

 • The noise gets added with the signal as shown below:


Categories of Noise • 

Correlated – this noise the one which is present whenever message signal is present. 

• Uncorrelated – this noise is the one which is present even if the signal is not present. 

(Correlation means a relationship between message signal and noise) 

Noise Types - Broad classification 

1. External Noise 

a. Atmospheric Noise (above 30 MHz) 

b. Extraterrestrial noise (large spectrum covering all communication frequencies)

 i. Solar noise

 ii. Cosmic Noise 

c. Industrial Noise (man-made noise) 1-600 MHz 

2. Internal Noise (audio, RF & microwave frequency ranges)

 a. Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise) 

b. Shot Noise

 c. Partition Noise 

d. Flicker noise 

e. Burst Noise 

f. Transit time Noise 

g. Avalanche noise

1. External Noise:

a. Atmospheric Noise 

• The noise generated due to electrical disturbance within the earth’s atmosphere is called Atmospheric noise. 

• This type of noise generates strange sounds such as sputtering, crackling, etc. in shortwave radio receivers. 

• Atmospheric noise is also called static electricity. 

• This static electricity is likely to be more severe but less frequent. 

• They are just as impulses spreading noise energy in a wide range of frequencies. 

• However, magnitude of this energy is inversely proportional to the frequency. 

• Hence this noise can be ignored above 30 MHz.

 • The main reason is line-of-sight propagation

b. Extraterrestrial Noise 

• This extraterrestrial noise is generated outside the earth’s atmosphere.  

• Hence this also called deep space noise.It originates from milky way, galaxy and the Sun.

 • It is classified into two types as below: 

i. Solar Noise: 

• This is the noise that is generated directly from the Sun’s radiation.

 • This occurs in quiet condition with constant-radiation intensity and high- 

• Intensity radiation conditions (occurring every 11 years). 

• This noise spreads over a large frequency spectrum including frequencies used for communication.

 • All gases become Ionized due to radiation from the Sun producing noise in a wide range of frequencies. 

ii. Cosmic Noise:

 • Sources of cosmic noises are distributed throughout the galaxies continuously. 

• Distant stars radiate intense noise signals that penetrate the earth’s atmosphere.

c. Man-made noise

 • This is the noise generated due to human activities and creations.

 • This type is noise falls between 1 to 600 MHz.

 •The intensity of this noise is very high as compared to other internal or external noise to the receiver

Example 

• Automobile and air-craft ignitions 

• Electric motor and switching equipment 

• Leakage from high-voltage lines

 • Multitude effects of heavy electrical machines

2. Internal Noise 

• This is the noise generated within the device or circuit. 

• It can be the noise generated by active and passive devices found in the receiver circuits. 

• This is generated in random and distributed over the entire radio frequency spectrum. • It can be statically observed. 

• Random noise power is proportional to the bandwidth. 

• They are classified as below: 

 • Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise), Shot Noise, Partition Noise, Flicker noise, Burst Noise, Transit time Noise & Avalanche noise

a. Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise, Gaussian Noise, White Noise) (Representation of the Relationship between Thermal Noise Power, Bandwidth and Temperature ) 

• It is generated by random motion of free electrons within a conductor. 

• They are also the effects of molecular vibrations in resistive components. 

• Free electrons possess kinetic energy and so heat exchange takes place

 • between the conductor and the surroundings when they move across. 

• This creates an unavoidable noise component as background for the electronic process.

 • This also called Gaussian Noise because of its nature of distribution.

 • It is also called White Noise since contains all spectral frequencies equally on an average. 

• In FM receivers, when there is no incoming signal then this noise can be heard as “hiss” sound. (That’s why squelch circuits are used to suppress this noise in the receivers).

• The power associated with thermal noise is proportional to both temperature and bandwidth. 

• Since it is due to the thermal reasons and they are also called Thermal Noise or Johnson noise after the discoverer. 

• The average noise voltage across the conductor is zero. But the root mean square value (RMS)is finite and can also be measured. 

• This RMS noise value is proportional to the resistance of the conductor (R), absolute temperature (T), and the frequency bandwidth (B). 

• Mathematically the Relationship between Thermal Noise Power, Bandwidth and Temperature is given by 

Pn = k*T*B

  where Pn Noise power in Watts 

k = Boltzmann’s constant 1.38x10 -23 Joules / Kelvin

T =  Absolute temperature in Kelvin, 

B = Bandwidth in HZ

b. Shot Noise (Transistor noise )

 • Any DC current crossing a potential barrier in a random fashion results in shot noise. 

• This occurs because the electrons and holes cannot cross the barrier simultaneously. 

• Hence a random component is added with the DC current. 

• Example: 

• This noise occurs in BJTs due to the movement of electrons in random fashion from emitter to collector leading to shot. Hence this is also called Transistor noise. 

• Shot noise has a flat frequency spectrum except in microwave frequency range.

Shot Noise (Transistor noise ) by TAMIL BLOG Electronics

  where 

• Shot noise current in rms in Amperes = In

• charge of an electron (1.6 x 10-19 Columbs)  = qe

• DC current flowing through the device (amperes) = Idc

 • system bandwidth (Hz) = B

c. Partition Noise 

• This occurs when current has to divide between two or more electrodes.

 • There is random fluctuations in the division. 

• Hence a diode is less noisy than the BJT or FET. 

• The frequency spectrum of partition noise is flat. 

d. Flicker noise 

• This occurs at low-audio frequency ranges. This noise spectral density increases as the frequency decreases. Hence this is sometimes called 1/f noise.

 • It is proportional to emitter current and junction temperature. 

• Mostly found in Transistors. 

e. Burst Noise

 • This is also low-frequency noise found in transistors. 

• Source of this noise is not well-understood but it produces a kind of popping sound while present in audio system

f. Transit-time noise 

• This noise is present due to the finite time taken by the electrons to move from emitter to collector. • This increases the noise input admittance of the device . 

• It is determined from the carrier mobility, bias-voltage and the transistor construction. 

• In a transistor, the carriers traveling suffer from time delays such as emitter transittime delay, base transit-time delay and collector recombination time. 

g. Avalanche noise

 • The reverse current in a reverse biased diode increases with slight increase in reverse bias voltage . 

• Therefore the electrons and holes involve in ionizing more and more carriers from the atoms resulting in collisions.

 • Theses collisions produce random spike noise and most often occur in zener diode. • This effect is called avalanche noise

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